MoneyWeek map: How Europe's labour costs have changed

One of the key issues facing the eurozone is that the ‘peripheral’ economies are so much less competitive than the likes of Germany. Pre-single currency days, countries such as Greece could rely on a falling drachma to cut their labour costs relative to the deutschemark. Now they have to do it the hard way, by actively cutting wages or becoming more productive, or both.

So a report on labour costs, just out from the Conference Board, seems to contain some good news. Economists Bert Colijn and Bart van Ark looked at costs in Europe from the first quarter of 2008 to the last quarter of 2011. As the map above shows, some European economies, including Ireland and the Baltic states, have seen their labour costs decrease in that time, making their exports far more competitive. Indeed, Latvian labour costs (Latvia pegs its currency to the euro) have fallen by more than 5%.

Even in Greece, where the overall price of labour went up over this period, costs have started to fall in the past two years. Colijn and van Ark argue that this proves that labour market flexibility is more important than control of a national currency.

Indeed, if the strictures of euro membership actively encourage economic reforms that boost productivity, they argue it will have long-term benefits. Leaving the euro, on the other hand, "would only result in a brief increase in competitiveness that would later evaporate".

However, their conclusions come with a number of caveats. They accept that labour costs have not adjusted quickly enough to prevent a substantial fall in employment, and that the austerity measures designed to keep the euro together have resulted in output falling. This means that if countries remain in the euro, without carrying out economic reforms (what they call "muddling through"), then they are likely to experience the worst of both worlds: a short-term slump without a long-term boost.